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<text id=90TT2845>
<title>
Oct. 29, 1990: Nobel Prizes:Economics
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
Oct. 29, 1990 Can America Still Compete?
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
NOBEL PRIZES, Page 71
Balancing Act
</hdr>
<body>
<p>An insightful tip: diversify
</p>
<p> ECONOMICS
</p>
<p> The notion that investors should diversify their portfolios
seems self-evident now. But when Harry Markowitz first proposed
a systematic way to implement that strategy, the financial
community scoffed and no less an economist than Milton Friedman
was skeptical. Said he: "Harry, what's this? It's not
mathematics; it's not economics; it's not finance."
</p>
<p> Last week, more than 35 years later, the Swedish Academy
awarded the Nobel Prize for Economics to Markowitz, a professor
at the Baruch College of the City University of New York, and
two colleagues who built upon his work. Sharing the honor were
William Sharpe of Stanford University and Merton Miller of the
University of Chicago.
</p>
<p> Markowitz, 63, showed that investors fared best when they
purchased a wide range of stocks, bonds and other assets,
because the risks in a diversified portfolio tended to offset
one another. That insight made Markowitz the intellectual
father of the mutual-fund industry. Sharpe, 56, demonstrated
that the risks and rewards of holding an asset like stock are
linked to its volatility in relation to the rest of the market.
For example, highly volatile stocks are the biggest winners in
bull markets but suffer the heaviest losses in downturns.
Sharpe has cashed in on his insights, running an investment
advisory firm whose clients include the pension funds for AT&T
and the state of California.
</p>
<p> Miller, 67, focused on corporate finance. In a 1958 paper
that Miller co-wrote with Franco Modigliani, the 1985 Economics
laureate, the two men showed that the overall value of a
company was based on the cash flow that the firm generated. As
the overleveraged 1980s have painfully borne out, companies
with poor cash flow tend to wind up in bankruptcy.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>